Publication detail

Recyclable HF-free Ti3C2Tx 3D-printed supercapacitors: their second life in sodium-ion batteries

KALLESHAPPA, B. PUMERA, M.

Original Title

Recyclable HF-free Ti3C2Tx 3D-printed supercapacitors: their second life in sodium-ion batteries

Type

journal article in Web of Science

Language

English

Original Abstract

2D MXenes represent a useful class of materials in various applications and the main constraint for their bulk production is the requirement of hazardous hydrogen fluoride (HF) as an etching agent. Molten salt synthesis is one of the emerging HF-free techniques to produce MXenes, where a mixture of etching salts is heated till their melting point to etch the MAX phase. Here, we etched Ti3AlC2 MAX using the molten salt synthesis method to obtain 2D Ti3C2Tx, by lowering the typical high reaction temperature (similar to 700 degrees C) to 400 degrees C using oxalic acid as an organic additive, which contributes in reducing the overall melting point of the etching salt mixture. Then, the electrochemical properties of Ti3C2Tx were demonstrated by designing recyclable 3D printed supercapacitors using modified polylactic acid (PLA)/conductive graphene 3D electrodes. A real life application of recyclable 3D printed supercapacitors was demonstrated by powering a digital thermometer. Further, the used supercapacitors were recycled to collect the conductive carbon and constructed a sodium-ion battery using it as a conducting additive of the Ti3C2Tx anode and powered up a glucometer. A zero-waste device with the 'concept 3R' (recycle, recover and reuse) reduces the carbon footprint by keeping the materials out of landfills. Concerning environmental safety and e-waste management, this work establishes a green synthesis of Ti3C2Tx and demonstrates the use of recyclable materials in 3D printed devices for energy storage devices.

Keywords

PERFORMANCE; ELECTRODES; TI3ALC2; MXENE; STATE

Authors

KALLESHAPPA, B.; PUMERA, M.

Released

17. 12. 2024

Publisher

ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY

Location

CAMBRIDGE

ISBN

2050-7496

Periodical

Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Year of study

13

Number

1

State

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Pages from

795

Pages to

807

Pages count

13

URL

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/ta/d4ta07436j

BibTex

@article{BUT197279,
  author="Bindu {Kalleshappa} and Martin {Pumera}",
  title="Recyclable HF-free Ti3C2Tx 3D-printed supercapacitors: their second life in sodium-ion batteries",
  journal="Journal of Materials Chemistry A",
  year="2024",
  volume="13",
  number="1",
  pages="795--807",
  doi="10.1039/d4ta07436j",
  issn="2050-7496",
  url="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/ta/d4ta07436j"
}