Course detail

Materials for biomedical applications

FEKT-MMBAAcad. year: 2012/2013

The course deals with materials including nanostructured ones and prepared by special technologies to be applied in biomedical praxis. Further, the action of biological environment on the corrosion and life time of materials used also the compatibility of implants in tissues will be addressed. Metrology of nanostructures such as microscopy, mass spectrometry of secondary ions and/or X-ray analysis will be explained. Recently invented electrochemical power sources designed for applications in medicine such as special diagnostic and therapeutic tools or pacemakers will be involved into a separate chapter. The chapter describing NMR for both diagnostic and analytical purposes will be also significant.

Language of instruction

Czech

Number of ECTS credits

Mode of study

Not applicable.

Guarantor

doc. Ing. Marie Sedlaříková, CSc.

Department

Department of Electrical and Electronic Technology (UETE)

Learning outcomes of the course unit

The graduate after finishing proposed course will have be able following actions:
• Qualified judging of the materials application in biomedical praxis
• Describe the diseases of heart and vessel system and to describe the strategy of their treating
• Describe the properties of macromolecular materials, ceramics and metals suitable for implants
• To have a general survey over recent situation of materials for contact and implanted eye lenses
• To possess fundamental knowledge of usage of electrochemical power sources for laboratory equipment, cardio stimulators /pace makers) and defibrillators
• To be informed of the newest trends in preparation and application of bio nanomaterials in medicine, for example, for the treatment of carcinogenous diseases
• To be avare of the nuclear magnetic spectroscopu (NMR) and of the tissues compatibility in NMR diagnostics

Prerequisites

Student who enrols this subject should be able to be able:
•to be knowledgeable in fundamental concepts of medicine
•to possess fundamental surwey of biochemical processes in living bodies
•to be able to explain essentials of elecric circuits used in biomedicine
•to be able to safely handle chemicals according to a manual

Co-requisites

Not applicable.

Planned learning activities and teaching methods

Teaching methods depend on the type of course unit as specified in the article 7 of BUT Rules for Studies and Examinations.

Assesment methods and criteria linked to learning outcomes

Classification of laboratory work ( 6 work assignment )...summary 30p
Written part of closing examen......60p
Presentation of assignet topic........10p

Course curriculum

1.Fundamental physical properties of tissues and body liquors, corrosion and biocompatibility in living organisms.
2.Materials designed for biological environment, their sterilization, sewing materials
3.Implants for bones
4. Sorts of polymers, their application in medicine, implants
5. Sorts of nanosized objects and their preparations. Self – ordering nanostructures.
6. Metrology of nanostructures – microscopy, X-ray diffraction. Mass spectroscopy od secondary ions.
7. Application of nanosized biomaterials for therapy of cancerogenic diseases
8. NMR tomography and essentials of diagnostic methods. Compatibility of tissues and implants
9. Materials for treatment of cardiovascular diseases
10.Chemical power ources for laboratory instruments, cardiostimulators /pacemakers), defibrillators
11.Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Distortion of NMR tomograms by the presence of metallic implants.

Work placements

Not applicable.

Aims

This course will prepare students of Master level FEKT (FEEC) for solution of technological, economic and ecological problems connected to the choice, usage and testing of various materials and instrumentation in biomedical applications.The aim of the course is to give to the students some basic orientation in the field of materials, used in biomedical practice. The properties and application of various materials including nanostructured ones will be discussed.
This course is suitable also for interdisciplinary studies in medicine and biology.

Specification of controlled education, way of implementation and compensation for absences

Exercises in laboratory are obligatory. Dully excussed absence in laboratory exercises is possible to complete after being approved by the teacher.

Recommended optional programme components

Not applicable.

Prerequisites and corequisites

Not applicable.

Basic literature

Navrátil,L. a kol: Medicínská biofyzika, GRADA 2005, Praha (CS)
Sedlaříková,M. a kol. Materiály pro biomedicínu, elektronická skripta (CS)
Valečko,Z: Bioelektronika, BEN Technická literatura, Praha 2005 (CS)
VONDRÁK, J., SEDLAŘÍKOVÁ, M., REITER, J., NOVÁK, V., NEČESAL, P. Carbon and/ or graphite anodes for gel polymer batteries. In International Meeting on Lithium Batteries. Nara, Japonsko: The Electrochemical Society, Inc., 2004. s. 234 ( s.)ISBN: 1-56677-415- 2. (CS)
Vondrák, J., Sedlaříková,M.,Elektrochemická měření, elektronická verze (CS)
Žabka,M. a kol.:Moderní lékové formy ve farmaceutické technologii, Bratislava 2001 (CS)

Type of course unit

Lecture

26 hod., optionally

Teacher / Lecturer

doc. Ing. Marie Sedlaříková, CSc.

Syllabus

Schedule of lectures (by weeks)
1.Fundamentals properties of tissues and body fluids. The composition of body fluids. Acidity, oxygen kontent and other properties corrosion – important properties.Osmosis.
2.Corrosion and compatibility of materials in living organisms. Fundamentals concepts of electrochemical corrosion on the boundary metal / solution.
3.Electrodes as the analytical sensors of tissues composition.The concept of pH , pO2 and similar quantities. Their relation to Nernst equation
Electrochemical instrumentation for analytical purposes.
4.- 5 . Chemical power cources for laboratory instrumentation and implantates
Accumulators (secondary cells), thein maintenance and properties.Classical primary cells (Leclanche cells).Demands on implanted cells
Lithium batteries, batteries with and without external recharging.
6.- 7. Materials designed for biological environment.Materials for implanted device. Ceramics, polymers, metals. Demands on materials: lifetime, low corrosion, inertia with respekt to tissues and fysiological liquors. Long -lifetime tests.Implanted device - metals, ceramics.

8. The action of positive and negative atmospheric ions on human organism
Charged particles and negative as well as positive ions in atmosphere. Thein concentrations and parameters.Formation and anihilation of atmospheric ions.Basic parameters of the ionised environment
9. Parameters of materials used in Living and Office accomodation spacess; thein influence on the magnitude of the space charge
The role of the suitable ionic climat for human health
10. The influence of atmospheric ions on the composition and properties of body liquids
Speleotherapie.
The influence of negative ions on the amount of ionized oxygen in blood and on psychic and physical activity of human being
11. Principles of NMR spectroscopy a tomography and their diagnostic potentiality
The principles of NMR spectroscopy and MR tomography.
12. Main methods of diagnostics by MR tomography and their using.Creation of contrast in MR picture
Generation of MR pictures considering spin density, relaxation properties of substances, their magnetic susceptibility, and mass flow including diffusion in investigated tissues
Depiction of spin density, the difference between basic sequentions FE and SE and their usage for tissues identifications.
13. NMR compatibility if implanted materials and tissues, magnetic susceptibility of materials
The techniques of MR measurements and visualization of magnetic susceptibilities in human body. Techniques using FE and phase shift
Conductive and magnetic materials in MR depictions and visualizations
Electric properties of materials and their influence on MR figures
The distortion of MR picture by implanted materials (dental, joint) resulting in vanishing of the detested signal

Laboratory exercise

26 hod., compulsory

Teacher / Lecturer

doc. Ing. Marie Sedlaříková, CSc.

Syllabus

Schedule of laboratory tasks
1. The conductivity of electrolyte solutions as a diagnostic and analytic tool
Submersible conductivity cell for the evaluation of solution conductivity. Calibration.
The use of conductivity measurement for estimation of purity. Natural waters, distilled water.
Instrumentation: RCL tester, potentiostat AUTOLAB
Utensils: distilled water, KCl, chemical volumetric flasks
Obtained skill: The principle, the difference between an electrotechnical resistor and an electrolytic cell, the selection of frequency, the relation between purity, content of minerals and conductivity of water
2. Corrosion resistance of selected metals
Principle of electrochemical corrosion and protection against it
Method: Using a computerized potentiostat we estimate the pH region of corrosion, stability and passivity of selcted metal sample
Instrumentation: potentiostat AUTOLAB
Utensils: Standard calomel reference electrode, platinum auxiliary electrode, electrodes Fe, Ni, Cu, Al, electrochemical vessel
Solutions: buffer solutions of various pH values, diluted HCl
Obtained skill: Understanding the process of corrosion and passivation of metals
3. The content of calcium ions in natural waters using ion selective electrode
Principle: potentiometric method based on Nernst formula for chemical analysis
Instrumentation: microprocessor controlled pH meter CRYTUR
Utensils: ion selective electrode CRYTUR for analysis of calcium ions, electrolytic vessel, standard volumetric flasks
Solutions of KCl with additives of calcium saots for calibration, samples of natural waters
Obtained skill: the commonly used analytical method for the analysis of wqter and other liquids, problems with accurate dilution of samples
4. Measurement of pH
Principle: potentiometric method based on Nernst formula for chemical analysis
Instrumentation: microprocessor controlled pH meter CRYTUR
Utensils: pH selective glass electrode CRYTUR, electrolytic vessel, standard volumetric flasks
Solutions: calibration solutions (buffers), samples of natural waters
Obtained skill: the concept of pH and acidity, their estimation, the idea of :buffer solutions:, pH indicator papers
5. Measurement of air ion concentration by aspiration condenser in different environments.
The experiment will be conduct by aspiration condenser method.
Measurement of the air ion concentration in laboratory with natural ionization.
Measurement of the air ion concentration in laboratory with artificial ionization.
6. Saturation characteristic measurement and spectral characteristic assignment of ion field.
Measurement of the saturation characteristic in space with natural and artificial ionization. Assignment of spectral characteristic of both spaces by graphical analysis.
7. Basic setting of MR scanner (ISI)
Acquainting with MR scanner.
Basic adjusting of MR scanner.
Setting of precise homogeneity of magnetic fields on MR scanner.
This part is important for all MR measurements and influenced of scanned images quality.
8. MR images of biological samples (ISI)
Measurement of MR imagings of phantoms and biological samples using FE and SE methods.
Students will be inform about the program for displaying and image processing.
9. Artifact in MR images by metallic dental implants (ISI)
Measurement of the magnetic susceptibility weighted image of measured sample. Measurement of artifacts in MR images by metallic dental implants.
Measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of the phantom using FE techniques.

VUT

Faculties

University Institutes

Parts

Materials for biomedical applications

Type of course unit