Development and significance of masonry structures, durability of masonry. Properties of masonry, fundamentals of designing masonry structures. Limit state of load bearing capacity. Limit state of usability. Structural systems of masonry structures. Masonry vaults. Horizontal structures of brick units, ceramic wall elements. Stone structures, clay structures.
Origin and properties of soils, water in soil. Classification of soils. Properties of soils under load, consolidation of soils. Overstressing.
Method of limit states, geotechnical categories. Limit state of load bearing capacity and settlement of foundation soil. Time behaviour of settlement. Stability of slopes. Earth pressure.
Foundation engineering. Shallow foundations, feet, strip footing, plates. Design and analysis of shallow foundations. Deep foundations - division of elements. Caissons and wells. Piles - division. Foundation pits. Retaining walls. Protection of foundation soil, improvement of soil properties, seismic effects, undermining.