Concise principles of thermodynamics, the first and second law of thermodynamics, heat of formation, chemical equilibrium, Guldberg-Waag law, system out-of-equilibrium, reaction isotherm, State behaviour of liquids, skin effects, cohesive pressure, transport phenomena in liquids, Phase equilibria, one component system, Gibbs law, two components system. Heterogeneous one-, two-, and more components system, solubility of gases in liquids. Solid phase-gas system, solid phase - liquid phase, ternary systems. Electrochemistry, Faraday’s laws, molar conductivity of weak and strong electrolytes, Wheatstone bridge, dissociation and hydrolysis, ionic product of water, galvanic cells. Disperse systems, classification, basic physical properties, coagulation, zeta potential. Reaction kinetics, order and molecularity of reaction, reactions of 1st, 2nd and higher orders, catalysts.
The structure of silicates, Pauling’s principles, basic structural arrangement. Clay minerals, structural arrangement, classification, water bound in clay minerals. Structure and properties of silicate melts, crystallization of melts, glass structures. Heterogeneous equilibria in silicate systems, solid state reactions.