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FSI-TFOAcad. year: 2023/2024
The course consists of three parts.The first part is a mathematical one. The Fourier transform of two variables is transformed to polar coordinates and expressed in terms of Hankel's transforms. The Zernike polynomials are used for the description of wave aberrations.The second part of the course deals with the wave description of an image formation by lenses. The problem is exposed by a direct application of the diffraction theory on one hand, and by the use of the formalism of linear systems (transfer function) on the other hand. The light distribution near the focus, the Abbe theory of image formation, the dark field method, the method of the phase contrast, schlieren method, the image processing by influencing the spectrum of spatial frequencies, and the principle of confocal microscopy are discussed.The third part of the course provides an overview of the diffractive optics, of the image formation by zone plates and of optics of Gaussian beams. The course involves also the history of the Fourier optics as a whole.
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1. The Fourier series.
2. The Dirac distribution, its definition, properties, and expressions in various coordinate systems. Examples.
3. The Fourier transform, definition, fundamental theorem. Examples. The diffraction of plane wave by a three-dimensional structure. The Ewald spherical surface.
4. The Fraunhofer diffraction as the Fourier transform of the transmission function. Meanings of variables in the Fourier transform. Spatial frequencies.
5. Linearity of the Fourier transform and the Babinet theorem. Examples. Rayleigh-Parseval theorem. Examples. Symmetry properties of the Fourier transform. Central symmetry, mirror symmetry, places of zero amplitude. The Friedel law.Convolution and the Fourier transform of convolution.
6. The Fourier transform in computer.
7. The Bessel functions. The intensity distribution near the focus.
8. The Fourier transform in polar coordinates. The Hankel transforms.
9. The Fourier transform in spherical coordinates.
10. The wave description of the image formation by a lens.
11. Linear systems. The transfer function.
12. Image formation by the zone plates. Diffraction optics.
Exercise