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FSI-TAOAcad. year: 2022/2023
The course consists of two parts.The first part deals with the interference of light and related experiments. The following topics are explained and practised: Coherence of light, the contrast of the interference structure and the interpretation of the pattern obtained both by classical and by holografic interference methods.The second part of the course is focused on the scalar diffraction in optics. The diffraction integral is discussed in detail and applied to the calculation of intensity and phase distribution in the diffraction patterns of the Fraunhofer and of the Fresnel types. The diffraction integral is derived in three ways:(i) intuitively, from the Huygens-Fresnel principle,(ii) from the wave equation by means of theorems of the integral calculus of functions of several variables,(iii) by the superposition of plane waves.Also the Rubinowicz representation of the boundary wave is derived and discussed. Interference and diffraction phenomena are demonstrated and practised in laboratories.
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branch CZV , 1 year of study, winter semester, compulsory
Lecture
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Syllabus
1. Maxwell's equations. Wave equation. Scalar and vector wave. Mathematical description and properties.
2. Polarization. Basic polarization states. Jones vectors and matrices. Principles of light polarization.
3. Optics of anisotropic materials. Descripton, propagation of light. Optical activity, birefrigence. Polarizing elements. Optical activity.
4. The bacsics of theory of coherence. Function of mutual coherence, degree of coherence. Interference of two partially coherent waves.
5. Two-beam interference. Description, examples, calculation. Two-beam interferometry and its usage.
6. Multiple-beam interference. Fabry-Perot interferometer. Interference filter. Coatings. Diffraction gratings.
7. Holography and holographic interferometry. Visualization of phase objects. Detection of small deformations and small shifts of objects with a diffuse surface.
8. The Huygens-Fresnel principle and the diffraction integrals. The Fresnel and the Fraunhofer diffraction. The Soret plate.
9. The Fraunhofer diffraction phenomena. (Rectangular and circular apertures, the slit and the annular aperture.)
10. The Fresnel diffraction phenomena. (Half-plane, slit, strip, double-slit, circular aperture and circular obstacle, the Fresnel integrals, the Lommel functions of two variables.)
11. The Kirchhoff and the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integrals.
12. The Fresnel diffraction as a transfer by a linear isoplanatic system.
13. The Rubinowicz representation of the boundary wave.
Laboratory exercise
Exercise